EURASIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, vol.13, no.53, pp.115-130, 2013 (SSCI)
Problem Statement: Much theoretical interest and attention has been given to the cognitive strategies that individuals use in achievement related domains. Defensive-pessimism is a functional strategy in a demanding academic setting for those who easily become anxious. However, this is a new concept for Turkish researchers and there is currently no instrument for defensive pessimism. Therefore, an instrument is needed to measure defensive pessimism.